China’s hukou system, adopted in 1958 to control population movement, has long
been criticized for tying the population to their place of origin. With the mass migration of
rural workers to China’s cities and coastal regions, the system is under the spotlight as
it means that these migrants suffer discrimination vis-a-vis urban residents in public services
such as education, housing, healthcare and other social protection. The debate reaches a new height following a joint
appeal to abandon the system by thirteen Chinese
newspapers to the National People’s Congress earlier this month.
Could reforming the hukou system bring better lives to migrant workers? Wang Xiaodao,
who calls himself a ‘second generation migrant
worker’, airs in his blog the grievances and doubts which are representative of this
special group in China. Compared with the first generation, this second generation migrant
workers face fewer opportunities. Competition is fierce in many occupations. After working for
more than seven years in the cities, he has many doubts. Perhaps some doubts could be answered by
a hukou reform:
æˆ‘ä¸æ˜Žç™½ï¼Œåœ¨ä¸Šæµ·ï¼Œä¸Žä¸Šæµ·äººåœ¨åŒä¸€å@¶äº‹ä¸šå•ä½å¹²åŒæ ·çš„å·¥ç§ï¼Œä¸ºä»€ä¹ˆä»–æ¯æœˆå°±æ¯”我多五å…百å—?ç»ç†è¯´ä»–是上海人,有ç¦åˆ©ä¿éšœå’Œå„ç§è¡¥è´´ï¼Œæˆ‘䏿˜Žç™½ä¸ºä»€ä¹ˆä»–有,我就没有?我们ä¸éƒ½æ˜¯ä¸å›½äººå—?难é“ä¸å›½åŸŽå¸‚是分ç‰çº§çš„,ä¸å›½äººä¹Ÿæ˜¯åˆ†ç‰çº§çš„?
I don’t understand why, in Shanghai, I receive 500 to 600 yuan a month less compared with
other workers, who are doing the same kind of job in the same unit. The manager said because he
is Shanghaiist, he can enjoy various social benefits and subsidies. I don’t understand why
he can have it, but I cannot. Aren’t we both Chinese? Is it true that Chinese cities are
hierarchical, and Chinese people are hierarchical too?
æˆ‘ä¸æ˜Žç™½ï¼Œæˆ‘å ‚å“¥åœ¨åŸŽå¸‚æ‰“å·¥åå‡ å¹´äº†ï¼Œä¾„å现在在城市读书,为什么我侄åè¦ç¼´æ¯”城里å©å还高的å¦è´¹ï¼Ÿä¸ºä»€ä¹ˆåŸŽé‡Œäººå´ä¸è@©ä»–们的å©å与我侄ååŒæ¡Œï¼Ÿä¸ºä»€ä¹ˆæˆ‘侄ååœ¨å¦æ ¡ä¼šå—到å¤ç«‹å’ŒæŽ’挤?
I don’t understand why, with my cousin having worked in the cities for over ten years, his
son still needs to pay higher school fees than urban children. Why do urban residents not allow
their children to share the same table with my nephew? Why is my nephew being isolated and
discriminated?
But the above are only parts of the problem. Many more difficulties, such as lack of reasonable
safeguards of rights and interests of workers, and unaffordable housing, cannot be solved merely
by reforming the hukou system:
æˆ‘ä¸æ˜Žç™½ï¼Œæˆ‘们民工用血汗,甚至用生命在城市建è@¾äº†é‚£ä¹ˆå¤šé«˜æ¥¼å¤§åŽ¦ï¼Œå¯å»ºä¸€è¾ˆå房å,å´ä¹°ä¸åˆ°å“ªæ€•一间厕所?这跟ç§ä¸€è¾ˆååœ°å´æ²¡ç²@食åƒå¼‚曲åŒå·¥
I don’t understand why, having spent their lifetime constructing many skyscrapers, migrant
workers couldn’t even buy a toilet. This is the same as farmers who spend their lifetime
growing crops but could not even feed themselves.
æˆ‘ä¸æ˜Žç™½ï¼Œä¸ºä»€ä¹ˆå—方那么多工厂,就是找ä¸åˆ°ä¸€å@¶å…«å°æ—¶å·¥ä½œåˆ¶çš„å‘¢ï¼Ÿæœ€ä½Žå·¥èµ„æ ‡å‡†ï¼Œæ„æ€åº”该是工资ä¸ä½ŽäºŽé‚£ä¸ªæ ‡å‡†å§ï¼Ÿä¸ºä»€ä¹ˆæˆ‘们的底薪就ç‰äºŽæœ€ä½Žå·¥èµ„æ ‡å‡†ï¼Ÿä¸ºä»€ä¹ˆè¾›è¾›è‹¦è‹¦ä¸€å¤©å·¥ä½œåå››äº”ä¸ªå°æ—¶ï¼Œä¸€å¹´ä¸‹æ¥åªå¤Ÿä¹°å‡ 包化肥?是工资低了,物价高了,还是我们生活太奢侈了?
I don’t understand why, with so many factories in southern China, I could not even find a
single one with an eight-hour work day. Minimum wage means that the salary would be above a
certain standard, right? But why are our salaries merely equal to that standard? Having toiled
for over 14 hours a day, a few packs of fertilizers are all that we can afford at the end of the
year. Is the wage too low and the price too high, or are we too luxurious?
æˆ‘ä¸æ˜Žç™½ï¼Œä¸ºä»€ä¹ˆæˆ‘们干了活,å¯ä»¥ä¸ç»™æˆ‘ä»¬å·¥é’±ï¼Œä¸æ˜¯è¯´“一份耕耘,一份收获”么?为什么找相关部门解决总那么难,总把我们当çƒè¸¢ï¼Œå½“猴è€ï¼Ÿä¸ºä»€ä¹ˆä¼šå‡ºçŽ°è·³æ¥¼è@¨è–ªï¼Œå¼€èƒ¸éªŒè‚ºï¼Ÿ
I don’t understand why, having worked so hard, the managers dare to withhold our salaries.
‘You get what you give’, isn’t this what they say? Why are the
relevant departments finding it so difficult to solve it, kicking us around like footballs? To
fight for missing salaries and compensation, some go so far as to threaten to jump off from the
building, and voluntarily ‘opening their breast’ through a surgical
operation to prove that they’ve developed pneumoconiosis from their workplace.
How about going back to the countryside and be a farmer? He has though about it:
城市,已没有我们å@‰å@¶ä¹‹æ‰€ï¼Œè€Œå†œæ‘呢,我们怎么回去?åƒä¸€ä¸ªé€ƒå…µä¸€æ ·ï¼Ÿåˆæœ‰ä½•é¢ç›@è§æ±Ÿä¸œçˆ¶è€ï¼Ÿå›žå޻之åŽï¼Œä¼šç§åœ°å—?愿æ„ç§åœ°å—?其å@žæˆ‘本人是赞æˆå›žå†œæ‘ç§åœ°çš„,毕竟我们国å@¶è¿˜å¾—需è¦äººæ¥ç§åœ°ï¼Œä½†æ€•父æ¯ä»Žæ¤åœ¨å†œæ‘抬ä¸èµ·å¤´æ¥ï¼Œè¢«å…¶ä»–æ‘æ°‘嘲笑,尽ç@¡å…¶ä»–æ‘æ°‘çš„å©å们也在城市æµç¦»å¤±æ‰€ã€‚在他们看æ¥ï¼Œæˆ˜æ»åœ¨åŸŽå¸‚,也比åšä¸€å逃兵好。
The cities have no place for us, how about the countryside? But how can we go back? Like a
deserting soldier? Do we have the ‘face’ to see the villagers again?
After returning, do we know how to farm? And are we willing to farm? Personally, I’m
actually in support of returning and becoming a farmer. After all, the country needs someone to
be farmers. But I’m afraid that my parents will be laughed at by other villagers, though
their children are also suffering in cities. In their eyes, dying in cities is better than being
a deserting soldier.
When wealth, houses, cars and a good life are distant dreams, he sees no future, only doubts,
illusions and frustrations:
人å‘,其å@žå°±åƒç§å,最é‡è¦çš„æ˜¯çœ‹ä½ 被撒在什么地方,撒在城市,å†åŠ£è´¨çš„ç§å也能èŒå£@æˆé•¿ï¼Œæ’’在农æ‘ï¼Œä½ å†ä¼˜è‰¯ä¹Ÿå¾—æ‹¼å‘½æŒ£æ‰Žæ‰æœ‰å‡ºå¤´ä¹‹æ—¥ã€‚
Human beings are like seeds. What matters is where you are dropped. Dropped in the cities, the
worst quality can still grow and be strong; dropped in the countryside, you really need to
struggle before you can be strong, even if you are of the best quality.
我们的明天,该何去何从?我ä¸çŸ¥é“。åªèƒ½åƒä¸€ä¸ªæ— æ ¹çš„æµ@èï¼Œéšæ³¢é€æµã€‚我曾ç»è¯´åªæœ‰çŒªæ‰æ˜¯æœ€å¹¸ç¦çš„动物
[...]真的,我真喜欢åšä¸€å¤´çŒªï¼Œæ²¡å¿ƒæ²¡è‚ºï¼Œæœ‰åƒæœ‰å–,也ä¸ä¼šåŽ»æƒ³åŠˆä»€ä¹ˆæŸ´å–‚ä»€ä¹ˆé©¬ï¼Œå‘†åœ¨çŒªåœˆé‡Œï¼Œä¸çŸ¥é“天高也ä¸çŸ¥é“åœ°åŽšï¼Œå°±è¿™æ ·è¿·ç³Šè‡³æ»ã€‚
As for my future, where should I go? I don’t know. I can only be a piece of duckweed,
floating along with the waves. I once said that pigs are the luckiest animals [...] I would
really like to become a pig, without any worries and feelings, only eating and drinking. They
just stay in the pigsty, not knowing the world around them, until they die.
çŽ°åœ¨åŸºæœ¬ä¸Šä¹Ÿä¸æ€Žä¹ˆå˜é’±äº†ï¼Œå› 为å˜äº†ä¹Ÿæ²¡ç”¨ï¼Œæœ‰é’±å°±èŠ±æŽ‰ï¼Œä»Šæœæœ‰é…’今æœé†‰ï¼Œåšä¸€å¤©å’Œå°šæ’žä¸€å¤©é’Ÿï¼Œè¯´æˆ‘们消æžä¹Ÿå¥½ï¼Œè¯´æˆ‘ä»¬ç ´ç½åç ´æ‘”ä¹Ÿå¥½ï¼Œéƒ½æ— æ‰€è°“ã€‚å› ä¸ºç§¯æžå¥‹æ–—也åªä¼šæ›´åŠ å¤´ç ´è¡€æµï¼Œå› 为就ç@—是一åªå¥½ç½å,也å–ä¸å‡ºå¥½ä»·é’±ã€‚消æžï¼Œæ›´è@©æˆ‘释然,日å也过得更轻æ¾ã€‚
Now I basically don’t think about saving, because saving is useless. I spend all I earn.
You can say I am too negative. But striving for a better live will only lead to blood, sweat and
toil, and no more. A good vase cannot be sold for a good price. This loss of hope makes me feel
better and easier to pass the days ahead.